Determine whether the database considers multiple words as a single phrase or a combination of words in any order. If you want to change the default, there are some standard ways to do so:
If those techniques don't work, check the database help for options.
Most databases allow you to narrow your search by selecting specific dates of publication, languages, or publication types. Databases that mix scholarly and non-scholarly content often let you limit to scholarly sources.
Some databases apply limits before the search, usually on the advanced search screen: ↓
While others apply limits after the search, usually in options in a side column: →
A few allow both options. These examples are actually both from Academic Search Complete.
Specialized subject databases are also likely to have limits unique to the discipline:
Database |
Specialized Search Limits |
|---|---|
| Historical Abstracts and America: History & Life |
|
| Engineering Village |
|
| APAPsycInfo |
|
| Bibliography of Asian Studies |
|
Databases that contain a mix of full-text and index-only content, often have a checkbox limit for full-text only—like both of the pictured examples here. Don't use it! The problem is that even if this database doesn't have the full-text online, some other database may. That's what UC-eLinks is for!
wildcard search |
will find |
|---|---|
| wom?n | woman, women |
Wildcards are special characters which stand for ANY letter in the alphabet.
The exact symbol used to represent a single variable letter varies from database to database, but common signs are ?, *, #, and $.
truncation search |
will find |
|---|---|
| psych* | psychology, psychological, psychiatry, psychotic, etc. |
A truncation symbol is a specific type of wildcard used to represent any number of letters (including zero) at the end of a word. An asterisk is the most common truncation symbol, but check the database help if it doesn't work.
Not all search engines allow wildcards or truncation. (The most famous example is Google.) And some do automatic truncation, automatically searching for common variants of each word, especially plurals.
| Boolean Operator AND |
 |
The shaded portion includes all the results for "cat AND dog." |
| Boolean Operator OR |
 |
The shaded portions include all the results for "cat OR dog." |
| Boolean Operator NOT |
 |
The shaded portion includes all the results for "cat NOT dog." |
Many databases allow Boolean searching.
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