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Russian Literature and Culture

Russian Folklore

The Medieval Period (980-1680)

Map of Kievan Rus'In the medieval period, Russia did not exist. Instead, East Slavic society was known Kievan Rus': a collection of principalities with the principality of Kyiv, in modern day Ukraine, as its cultural and political center. These principalities were founded and ruled by Viking (Varangian) mercenaries that over time intermarried and became Slavs. In the 9th Century the Varangian Riurik established the Riurikid dynasty, which would rule Rus', and later the Russian Empire, until the 17th Century.

The territory of Kievan Rus' stretched from the Black Sea in the south to the Baltic Sea in the North, mainly comprised of regions found in modern Ukraine and Belarus, as well as the westernmost parts of European Russia. Until the 13th Century Mongol invasion of Rus', the primary centers of knowledge and culture were Kyiv and Novgorod in central and northern Rus' respectively.

Unlike in western Europe, Rus' did not experience a Renaissance. Literary works of the long medieval period were written in Old East Slavic or Church Slavic and comprise mostly of historical chronicles and hagiography (retelling of Saints' lives), avoiding secular subjects.

The Long 18th Century (1680-1800)

Defined by neoclassicism and Enlightenment ideals, the 18th Century saw the development of secular literature and a Russian literary language separate from Church Slavic. The dominant literary genre was lyric poetry, particularly the ode, modeled on French and German interpretations of Roman and Greek prototypes. The 18th Century also saw the development of fiction, short novels, travel logs, and drama.

The Golden Age of Romaticism (1800-1850)

The Age of Realism (1850-1892)

The Silver Age of Modernism (1892-1934)

Russian Literature After WWII (1945-1991)

Contemporary Russian Literature (1991-present)