Advanced Research Methods

1. Find a topic.
   1. Try to find a subject that really interests you.
   2. While you explore the topic, narrow or broaden your target and focus on something that gives the most promising results.
   3. Don't choose a huge subject if you have to write a 3 page long paper, and broaden your topic sufficiently if you have to submit at least 25 pages.
   4. Consult your class instructor (and your classmates) about the topic.
2. Explore the topic.
   1. Find primary and secondary sources in the library.
   2. Read and critically analyse them.
   3. Take notes.
   4. Compile surveys, collect data, gather materials for quantitative analysis (if these are good methods to investigate the topic more deeply).
   5. Come up with new ideas about the topic. Try to formulate your ideas in a few sentences.
   6. Write a short outline of your future paper.
      1. Review your notes and other materials and enrich the outline.
      2. Try to estimate how long the individual parts will be.
   7. It is helpful if you can speak about your plan to a few friends (brainstorming) or to your professor.
      1. Do others understand what you want to say?
      2. Do they accept it as new knowledge or relevant and important for a paper?
      3. Do they agree that your thoughts will result in a successful paper?

Methods

• Qualitative: gives answers on questions (how, why, when, who, what, etc.) by investigating an issue
• Quantitative:requires data and the analysis of data as well

Thesis

• the essence, the point of the research paper in one or two sentences.

Hypothesis

• a statement that can be proved or disproved.

Clarity

• Be specific.
• Avoid ambiguity.
• Use predominantly the active voice, not the passive.
• Deal with one issue in one paragraph.

Precision

• Be accurate.
• Double-check your data, references, citations and statements.

Academic Expression

• Don't use familiar style or colloquial/slang expressions.
• Write in full sentences.
• Check the meaning of the words if you don't know exactly what they mean.
• Avoid metaphors.

1. Write a detailed outline.
   1. Almost the rough content of every paragraph.
   2. The order of the various topics in your paper.
2. On the basis of the outline, start writing a part by planning the content, and then write it down.
3. Put a visible mark (which you will later delete) where you need to quote a source, and write in the citation when you finish writing that part or a bigger part.
4. When you are ready with a longer part, read it loud for yourself or somebody else.
   1. Does the text make sense?
   2. Could you explain what you wanted?
   3. Did you write good sentences?
   4. Is there something missing?
5. Check the spelling.
6. Complete the citations, bring them in standard format.

Use the guidelines that your instructor requires (MLA, Chicago, APA, Turabian, etc.).

• Adjust margins, spacing, paragraph indentation, place of page numbers, etc.
• Standardize the bibliography or footnotes according to the guidelines.

(Based on English Composition 2 from Illinois Valley Community College):

• Weak organization
• Poor support and development of ideas
• Weak use of secondary sources
• Excessive errors
• Stylistic weakness

When collecting materials, selecting research topic, and writing the paper:

• Be systematic and organized (e.g. keep your bibliography neat and organized; write your notes in a neat way, so that you can find them later on.
• Use your critical thinking ability when you read.
• Write down your thoughts (so that you can reconstruct them later).
• Stop when you have a really good idea and think about whether you could enlarge it to a whole research paper. If yes, take much longer notes.
• When you write down a quotation or summarize somebody else's thoughts in your notes or in the paper, cite the source (i.e. write down the author, title, publication place, year, page number).
• If you quote or summarize a thought from the internet, cite the internet source.
• Write an outline that is detailed enough to remind you about the content.
• Write in full sentences.
• Read your paper for yourself or, preferably, somebody else. 
• When you finish writing, check the spelling;
• Use the citation form (MLA, Chicago, or other) that your instructor requires and use it everywhere.

Plagiarism: somebody else's words or ideas presented without citation by an author

• Cite your source every time when you quote a part of somebody's work.
• Cite your source every time when you summarize a thought from somebody's work.
• Cite your source every time when you use a source (quote or summarize) from the Internet.

Consult the Citing Sources research guide for further details.